Thanks for the kind words! There are many parts about the first map that i need to improve, but im quite happy with the overall style
In answer to your questions,
1a) The conlang (Kufian) is certainly a WIP, the words seem to sort of crop up as i need them and evolve over time, however I have been working on keeping the phonemes consistent, with varying degrees of success. Rhual'Akhar translates roughly to "Holy Empire". It functions similar to a caliphate/monarchy in many ways. For an exact breakdown there, Rhual=Spirits, whilst Akhar = Place or Land. The dominant religion in these lands (which i still haven't thought of a name for) worships stars, and perceives them to be "ancestor spirits". Qilar is the name of the planet.
1b) The Prophet king was an important religious/political figure who united the clans of the northern regions under his new faith. In a sense, he reinforced and slightly reformed the more traditional faiths of the area, in an effort to fight off cultural influence (or as he considered it, corruption) from the southern nations. His new faith spread rapidly to the southern nations. As a result, The city of Nifar El'Rhual'Or became a centre of religion to the people of this world, similar to the Vatican City or Mecca. His death is important because it is here that he became one with the spirits and joined them in the heavens. (Part of the myth is that he and his wife became the star system of Achird , however i need to check to see whether this system is even visible from Qilar's northern hemisphere). Hopefully this answers 2b aswell :')
2a) Qilar is significantly warmer than Earth, and as a result the polar regions are deglaciated. (I did mess up some of the geography of the map however, ill get to amending that at some point). It has incredibly hot summers, and very cold winters. Because Qilar orbits much closer to its star, Summer and Winter are only around 3 (earth)months apart, meaning that there simply isnt enough time for the land to completely glaciate. the lakes do temporarily freeze over however. Being a polar region, night and day are both incredibly long, hence the importance of stars in this regions culture.